英語で文を分割する.

英語の裂け目

このレッスンは、英語の裂文とは何か、それを使用する理由、裂文を形成する方法を理解するのに役立ちます。

What is a cleft sentence?

裂けた文は、文の一部に焦点を当てています。リスナーが知らない部分に、すでに知っている、または理解している部分を追加します。裂けた文は、私たちにとって最も重要なことに焦点を当てる方法です.ここで、裂文では、1 つのアイデアが 2 つの部分に分割され、1 つの要素に焦点が当てられます。

裂けた文では、情報は 2 つの部分に分けられます。

a) リスナーにはすでに知られていて、私たちにとってあまり重要ではないもの
b) もう 1 つは聞き手にとって知られていない、または新しく、話者が注目したいことです。

裂けた文では、情報は元の構造とは異なる方法で形成されます。ここで焦点が合っている部分は、元の場所から移動されています。

話し手が焦点を当てて、裂けた文で区切るものなら何でも構いません。いくつかの例を見てみましょう。

Monica took 1000 dollars from a beggar last night.

Cleft sentence: It was Monica who took 1000 dollars from a beggar last night. (The focus is on the subject Monica)
Cleft sentence: It was 1000 dollars that Monica took from the beggar last night. (The focus is on the object)
Cleft sentence: It was a beggar whom Monica took 1000 dollars from last night. (The focus is on the object of the preposition)
Cleft sentence: It was last night when Monica took 1000 dollars from a beggar. (The focus is on the time of the action (adverb))

Simple sentence (non-cleft): Rahul stole my car last night.

さて、文の一部、たとえば主語 (Rahul) に焦点を当てたい場合は、裂けた文を使用する必要があります。上記の文は次のように書くことができます。

Cleft sentence: It was Rahul who stole my car last night.

ここで、元の文である Rahul に焦点を当てます。これは裂文の例です。裂けた文は通常、次の 2 つの方法で作成されます。

• It (仮代名詞) + to be form of 動詞 + X + 従属節
• WH 単語で始まる従属節 + 動詞の形になる + X

最初の構造では、X (話者が注目する項目) は通常、名詞または名詞代名詞です。前置詞、副詞、または形容詞の句にすることができます。 2番目の構造では、話者が注目している項目は、動詞の存在の形（接続動詞）の後に来ます。

Examples:

• It was Jon who supported me in my tough times.
• It was your brother Allen who came up with this idea.
• It is Tina whom I am dating.
• What I want from you is your support.
• Who I really want to thank is you.
• What I want for my birthday is a new bike.

Conversation 1:

Muskaan: I think Smriti paid for your college fee. Didn’t he?
Jon (Cleft sentence): No, it is Rahul who paid for my college fee.
Normal sentence: Rahul paid for your college fee.

Understood or common information: Somebody paid your college fee
New or focus information: Rahul did the action

ここでは「大学の学費は誰かが負担している」という意味です。スピーカーはスプリット構造を採用し、リスナーが知らない部分（人）に焦点を当てました。

Conversation 2:

Mom: I am elated today.
Ashu: Why, mom? What’s going on?
Mom: We are having Chinese food in the evening. It is my favorite.
Ashu: No, mom, It is Italian food that we are having in the evening. Papa confirmed that a few minutes ago.

ここでは、動詞「to have」の目的語は中華料理です。最後の行のアシュは、スリット構造を使用してオブジェクトに焦点を合わせます。目的を強調したくない場合は、この文は次のように書きます。今夜はイタリア料理を食べます。スリットでは、彼は故意にオブジェクトを強調しました。これは、リスナー (お母さん) にとって新しい情報でした。

Conversation 3:

Alex: Someone saved your sister from falling into a pot.
John: It was my friend Anoop who did that.

強調表示されている (太字) 部分に焦点が当てられています。残りは理解され、前のステートメントから取られます。

Conversation 4:

Maxwell: I spoke to your father yesterday.
Smith: It was my uncle (who) you spoke to.

Conversation 5:

Raj: Sneha was waiting for someone at the party.
Danish: It was you who she was waiting for at the party.

注: 残りの部分は既にわかっているため、注目している部分で文を完成させてください。

Ex – It was you.

Types of cleft sentences

英語の一般的な裂け目文には 2 つのタイプがあります。

疑似主語「IT」の使用

WH ワードの使用

逆仮裂

「すべて」という言葉の使用

疑似 IT db2424 による文の裂け目

疑似代名詞 ‘it’ を使用することは、裂けた文を形成する最も一般的な方法です。 TI 裂け目文は一般に、情報を修正し、新しく追加された情報に焦点を当てるために使用されます。

Structure:

Normal: Subject + verb phrase + object (X) + other part (optional)
Cleft: It + to be verb + object (X) + adjective clause (that/who/whom + subject + verb phrase)

Examples:

Non-cleft: Jon supported me in my tough times.
Cleft: It was Jon who supported me in my tough times.

Non-cleft: An old farmer from Kerala created a machine that changes trash cans into running shoes.
Cleft: It was an old man from Kerala who created a machine that changes trash cans into running shoes.

Non-cleft: I am looking forward to meeting Conor the most.
Cleft: It is meeting Conor that I am looking forward to the most.

Non-cleft: I couldn’t join you because I was ill.
Cleft: It was because I was ill that I couldn’t join you.

疑似代名詞 ‘it’ を使用することは、裂けた文を形成する最も一般的な方法です。スリットの焦点は、構造内で次のようになります。

• Subject
• Object of a verb
• Object of a preposition
• Adverbial

1. Cleft focusing on the SUBJECT

Situation 1:

I think Smriti paid for your college fee. Didn’t he?
Normal sentence: Rahul paid for your college fee.
Cleft sentence: It is Rahul who paid for my college fee.

Understood or common information: Somebody paid for your college fee
New or focus information: Rahul did the action

ここでは「大学の学費は誰かが負担している」という意味です。スピーカーはスプリット構造を採用し、リスナーが知らない部分（人）に焦点を当てました。

Situation 2:

Didn’t Simran call your father last night?
Cleft: No, it was Manisha who called my father last night.

Normal sentence: Manisha called my father last night.

Situation 3:

Ashish: iPhone 11 has been awarded as the best smartphone in 2021.
Max: That’s not correct. It is the iPhone 13 that’s been awarded as the best smartphone in 2021. (cleft)

Situation 4:

Charu: IIM Indore produces the best HR managers, according to a report.
Monica: That’s amazing.
Ankit: That’s not necessarily true. It is IIM Ahmedabad that does it. (cleft)

最後の文は裂文です。 Ankit が注目する新しい情報 (X) は、文を 2 つの部分に分割することで強調表示されます。 X (Ankit) に続く節は、Charu が既に提供したのと同じ情報を参照しています。それで。ここでの’that do’は’最高の人事管理者を生み出す’という意味です。

2. Cleft focusing on the OBJECT

フォーカス部分 (X) は、動詞の目的語にすることもできます。動詞の目的語に焦点を当てるために裂け目文が使用されている例をいくつか見てみましょう。

Situation 1:

Mom: I am elated today.
Ashu: Why, mom? What’s going on?
Mom: We are having Chinese food in the evening. It is my favorite.
Ashu: No, mom, It is Italian food that we are having in the evening. Papa confirmed that a few minutes ago.

ここでは、動詞「to have」の目的語は中華料理です。最後の行のアシュは、スリット構造を使用してオブジェクトに焦点を合わせます。目的を強調したくない場合は、この文は次のように書きます。今夜はイタリア料理を食べます。スリットでは、彼は故意にオブジェクトを強調しました。これは、リスナー (お母さん) にとって新しい情報でした。

Situation 2:

Aarushi: Who are you dating, Ashish?
Ashish: No one.
Aarushi: Hey, come on. I know you are dating someone. Please tell.
Ashish: It is Megha who I am dating. Please don’t share this with anyone.

ここであるしは、動詞「デート」の目的語 (人) に特に注目したいと考えています。名前を強調したいので、インデントを使用しています。また、動詞の目的語が人である場合、その人を指すために who/who/that を使用できることに注意してください。

It is Megha whom I am dating.
It is Megha who I am dating.
It is Megha that I am dating.

3. Cleft focusing on the OBJECT OF A PREPOSITION

Situation 1:

A: You looked upset at the party. Were you still upset with us?
B: I wasn’t upset with you all. It was my brother Alex whom I was upset with.

Situation 2:

Tom: You think about Mary anymore. She doesn’t deserve it.
Sam: I am not. It’s her sister (whom) I’m thinking about right now. She got wronged in this.

Situation 3:

Laura: Rahul will be performing with my sister Naura at the party. They look great together.
Jon: It is Maria who he will be performing with. He told me this himself.

4.副詞に焦点を当てた裂け目

副詞は、裂けた文の焦点になることがあります。いくつかの例を見てみましょう。

Examples:

Non-cleft: He came to see us the day before yesterday.
Cleft: It was the day before yesterday when he came to see us.

Non-cleft: I will call you tomorrow.
Cleft: It is tomorrow when I will call you.

Non-cleft: They are buying a house in London.
Cleft: It is In London that they are buying a house.
or
Cleft: It is London where they are buying a house.

副詞 (時間) が名詞句の場合、その後に接続詞「いつ」を使用します。ただし、前置詞句の場合は、その後に接続詞「that」を使用します。

NOTE: The verb (to be) of the pseudo subject (IT) needs to be singular even if the focus point (X) is plural.

Examples:

• 夢を追い求めるモチベーションを与えてくれるのは友達です。
• あなたをクビから救ってくれたのはあなたの同僚でした

WH 文の裂け目 (疑似裂け目)

これらは、WH ファミリーの単語、通常は「WHAT」という単語で始まる裂けた文です。これらの文は通常、質問に答えます。これらの裂けた文は通常、接続詞「what」で始まることに注意してください。

Structure: WH clause (known information) + to be verb + X (focus part)

Examples:

Question: What do you want from me?
Cleft: What I want is your support.
Non-cleft: I want your support.

Non-cleft: We want to get a job right now.
Cleft: What we want right now is to get a job.

Non-cleft: I needed a safe house to stay.
Cleft: What I needed was a safe house to stay.

Non-cleft: I loved the food the most at the party.
Cleft: What I loved the most at the party was the food.

Non-cleft: He wrote his resignation letter and threw it at his employer’s face.
Cleft: What happened was that he wrote his resignation letter and threw it at his employer’s face.

More examples:

• What I want right now is a person who I can trust.
• What she really wants is your money.
• What I am saying is that I can’t work with anymore.
• What I said to him was that you don’t deserve this job.

Other WH cleft sentences

Non-cleft: Sam used to live in a deserted village.
Cleft: Where Sam used to live was a deserted village.

Non-cleft: I reached home at 2 am.
Cleft: When I reached home was 2 am.

Non-cleft: We do this job because we love it.
Cleft: Why we do this job is because we love it.

Non-cleft: We want to hire your brother.
Cleft: Who we want to hire is your brother.

逆疑似文

逆疑似クラック文では、他のクラック文とは異なり、先頭に焦点が置かれます。

Structure: X (focus point) + to be verb + WH clause

Cleft: What I gifted him was a racing car.
Reverse cleft: A racing car is what I gifted him.

Cleft: We need your support.
Reverse cleft: Your support is what we need.

Cleft: What I have been looking for is a tech guy.
Reverse cleft: A tech guy is what I have been looking for.

Cleft: What he is asking for the project is 2 crores.
Reverse cleft: 2 crores is what he is asking for.

ここで、主動詞 (to be) の後に来る節は名詞節です。それは主題を補完するものとして機能します。

ALLという言葉を使った文の裂け目

ここで、何をすべてに置き換えるかを接続します。 all で始まる裂けた文は、文をより強調します。

Examples:

Non-cleft: I just want skilled people to make this a successful product.
Cleft: All I want to make this a successful product is skilled people.

Non-cleft: We just want your support right now.
Cleft: All we want right now is your support.

Non-cleft: We just need love in life.
Cleft: All we need in life is love.

Non-cleft: I am thinking about your family.
Cleft: All I am thinking about is your family.

注: ここで、「単独で」という単語は「すべての裂けた文」で暗黙のうちに使用され、「すべて」という単語は「唯一のもの」というフレーズに置き換えることができます。このフレーズを使用すると、文がより強調されます。ここではいくつかの例を示します。

Examples:

All we were looking for was your performance.
The only thing we were waiting for was your performance.

All they gave me in exchange for the phone was a cheap camera.
The only they gave me in exchange for the phone was a cheap camera.

All I am asking for is your time.
The only thing I am asking is your time.

All I did was give her my laptop, and she started crying.
The only thing I did was give her my laptop, and she started crying.

All I did was look at her, and they threw me out of the class.
The only thing I did was look at her, and they threw me out of the class.

この文では、動詞に注目しています。この文は、彼らがあまりしなかったことを意味します。ここでは、動詞が結果にあまり影響を与えなかったという事実に焦点を当てるために、cleft 構造が使用されています。

練習セット！

セット 1
主語に焦点を当てて、これらの通常の文を「if文」に変更します。

• Jon brought that gift for me.
• Your father is leading this case.
• My book is considered one of the best books for learning English.

Answers:

• It was Jon who brought that gift for me.
• It is your father who is leading this case.
• It is my book that is considered one of the best books for learning English.

SET 2
Cambie estas oraciones normales a ‘si oraciones’ enfocándose en el objeto directo.

1. I need your laptop right now.
2. They called my sister Anna for the role.
3. She betrayed me, not you.

Answers:

1. It is your laptop I need right now.
2. It was my sister Anna who they called for the role.
3. It was her who she betrayed, not you.

SET 3
Cambie estas oraciones normales a ‘si oraciones’ centrándose en un adverbial.

1. They called me a few minutes ago to show up.
2. She ran away with all the money last night.
3. They hid the bag in their apartment.

Answers:

1. It was a few minutes ago when they called me to show up.
2. It was last when she ran away with all the money.
3. It was in their apartment that they hid the bag.

SET 4

直接目的語に注目して、これらの通常の文を「WH 裂文」に変更します。

1. I need your laptop right now.
2. They called my sister Anna for the role.
3. I just had a small apple in the morning.
4. Jonas gave me a diamong watch.

Answers:

1. What I need right now is your laptop.
2. Who they called for the role was my sister Anna.
3. What I had in the morning was a small apple.
4. What Jonas gave me in the morning was a diamong watch.

SET 5

直接目的語に注目して、これらの通常の文を「逆裂文」に変更します。

1. I need your laptop right now.
2. They called my sister Anna for the role.
3. I just had a small apple in the morning.
4. Jonas gave me a diamong watch.

Answers:

1. Your laptop is what I need right now.
2. My sister was who they called for the role.
3. A small apple was what I had in the morning.
4. A diamond watch was what Jonas gave me.

SET 6

直接目的語に注目して、これらの通常の文を「すべての裂けた文」に変更します。

1. I need your laptop right now.
2. I just had a small apple in the morning.
3. Jonas gave me a diamond watch.

Answers:

1. All I need right now is your laptop.
2. All I had in the morning was a small apple.
3. All Jonas gave me in the morning was a diamond watch.

FAQs

What is a cleft sentence in grammar?

裂文は、文の特定の要素に焦点を当てるメカニズムです。切断構造で注目する要素は、聞き手にとって新しい情報であり、文をより強調するために構築することがよくあります。裂文の最も一般的なタイプは IT CLEFT 文です。

Here is the structure: It + to be verb + focus information + relative clause

Examples:

Non-cleft: Your own brother stole your car.
Cleft: It was your own brother who stole your car.

Other cleft sentences

Non-cleft: We wanted your support.
Cleft: All we wanted was your support.

Non-cleft: I want a house to live in.
Cleft: What I want is a house to live in.

What is an example of a cleft sentence?
Non-cleft: The company is looking for some good coders.
Cleft: It is some good coders the company is looking for.

Non-cleft: The company is looking for some good coders.
Cleft: What the company is looking for is some good coders.

Non-cleft: The company is looking for some good coders.
Cleft: All the company is looking for is some good coders.

構文の裂け目とは?
言語学では、クレフトとは、書き手/話し手が文の 1 つの部分に焦点を当てて、文を 2 つの部分に分割する構造です。文強調）。 ）。

Non-cleft: She wants your money.
Cleft: What she wants is your money.

How do you write a cleft sentence?
There are a few ways to write a cleft construction in English. The most common one is an IT CLEFT STRUCTURE:
IT (pseudo subject) + to be form of a verb + X (the focus part) + relative clause. The focus part (X) is usually a noun/noun phrase, but it can be an adverbial either.

Examples:

1. It is you who should be blamed for this loss.
2. It was a beggar who won the lottery.
3. It was after the match that they came to see us.

What are the types of cleft sentences?
Estos son los tipos más comunes de oraciones hendidas en inglés:

1. IT CLEFT sentence
2. WHAT cleft sentence
3. REVERSE cleft sentence
4. ALL cleft sentence

Non-cleft: She wants your money.

1. It is your money that she wants.
2. What she wants is your money.
3. Your money is what she wants.
4. All she wants is your money.